Mr. POLAND. We selected some 7 or 8 of the important districts, the heavier districts, and put them in the $4, 500 class. This class includes the district of Massachusetts, which embraces the whole of the State, with the large commercial city of Boston; the NewYork city districts, the eastern district of Pennsylvania, which includes the city of Phil adelphia; the Maryland district, which includes the city of Baltimore; and the district of Louisiana, including NewOrleans; and we leave in this class the districts of Nevada and Oregon, where the judges now get $4, 500. In NewEngland, as the Senfrom Maine has said, the salary of each of the district judges is $2,000, except in the Massachusetts district, where it is $3,000. The salaries were fixed at this sum many years ago, at a time when $2,000 was really a better salary, furnished more of the means of living, than the salary of $4,000 that we now propose. The Senfrom Maine knows very well, as every body knows, that the expenses of living since the day when those salaries were fixed at $2,000 have more than doubled and especially where a man's duties, like those of a judge, call him from home, where he is subjected to traveling and hotel expenses, the necessary expenditures have very much more than doubled in that period of time. More than this, the business in the district courts has very largely increased everywhere. Since the adoption of the system of internal taxation all cases which arise under it go into the district courts. The very large increase in the duties on imports has caused a great many cases to arise under our laws in relation to importations. All that class of cases go into the district courts. Then there are a great many cases growing out of the operations of the late war, all of which go into the district courts. The business of those courts has very largely increased. I know in reference to my own State that the business of the district judge is more than ten times as much as it was ten years ago. There is a very considerable difference in the size of the districts and in the amount of business in the districts: but a law which has been in force for a considerable number of years provides that the judge of one district may be called upon to go into another district where the business is too heavy for the single judge of the district, and hold there a district court and a circuit court; and it is well known to members of the legal profession, at least in my section of the country, that until the establishment of the eastern or LongIsland district, in NewYork, and the creation of a new judge there, which was really intended to help the business in NewYork city, a large portion of the business of the district and circuit courts in NewYork city was done by the district judge of Vermont and the district judge of Connecticut. It was also provided in connection with that law that these judges should be paid their expenses for attending court there in that way. I believe that by this amendment we shall not add very much to the pay that the Vermont and Connecticut judges receive, with their Present salaries and their expenses while holding court in NewYork which are allowed under the Present law. We intended to fix the salaries at a sum that shall be sufficient without having any provision made for the payment of expenses, and we have therefore added a clause that no other compensation shall be made to them except that made as a salary. Without taking any more time on the subject I will simply say that I believe we have approached as near a just equalization of these salaries among the judges as can be made, and that the sums we have fixed are not more than the judges ought to receive.