Mr. DAWES. I wish the gentleman would remember the history of cut nails. Under the influence of the protective principle the price of cut nails has come down so that they are purchasable in the market for one uarter what they were 30 years ago and ha it not been for protection we should have been dependent forthem todayupon England. Under the system of protection there has sprung up a competition in this country which has brought that simple article of cut nails down to one quarter what it would have been had we enjoyed free trade and allowed England the mo ' nopoly of our markets. And so with every thing else. The principle is the same from beginning to end. Now, Mr. Chairman, this taritf bill can be framed, as I said yesterday, upon one of 2 principles only. It must be upon the principle of laying a duty either upon the raw material or upon the manufactured article. And the effect of this tariff must be one of 2 things, either to bring in the manufactured article or to brin in the laborer himself. It will import either 516 iroduct of the labor or the laborer himself. The Gentfrom Illinois [Mr. HARDING] may have his choice. It is an impossibility to frame this tariff upon any other principle than that the article shall be manu actured on this side or on the other side of the Atlantic. will stay there; if upon this side, he will come here and enrich this country, and enrich the gentlemq‘s State more than any other. If the State ofl line is, to which this Government has donated public lands enough to make anom pire, wants wealth she must have laborers, and she can have laborers if she will permit them to be employed on this side of the water rather than the other. I defy anyone to frame a system of tariff upon any other than one of the 2 principles I have named. namely, a discrimination against American labor or a discrimination for it. The Gentfrom Illinois [Mr. HARDING] seems to cling to the idea of the tariff of 1846, which was framed expressly and avowedly upon the principle of free trade and discrimination against the laborer of this country, and in favor of the laborer of the old country. We were told yesterday that these doctrines were. old. So are these objections old. Butthey come from a new source. Heretofore they came from.the mouths of another party, another side of the House; now they are taken up on this side of the House. But, sir, the fate of the tariff of 1846, its ruine us effect upon the industry of the country, would be th efate of this tariff if it were framed upon the principles suggested by the Gentfrom Illinois.