Mr. BUCKALEW. Under the authority of the territorial Legislature I suppose. The census of 1860 shows facts of the same character, but I take the figures of the enumeration of 1861 because it is a little later. In 1861 there were in Colorado, 18, 223 adult males, 4, 884 adult females, and 2, 622 mine rs; making a total polo. of 25, 329, showing a decrease of total population from the previous year of about 9,000. Mr. President, as has been frequently stated in this debate, in the settled parts of the country the number of voters as compared with the whole population is about one 5th. In the Territories and in the new parts of the country from the fact that females and mine rs do not go into them as rapidly and as largely as adult males, it follows that the proportion of voters to the whole mass of population is much greater; and of inevitable necessity, therefore, in estimating the population of a Territory or a new State you must multiply the voters by a smaller number than 5 is inevitable, and the explanation is abundantly furnished by the enumeration in 1861 in Colorado, which shows the enormous preponderance of adult males over females and mine rs in the population of that Territory. But, sir, there was a peculiar reason for such great preponderance applying to Colorado which does not apply to all our Territories. It was a mining region; it was the case of a shifting and changing population; and you cannot apply the same reasoning to the same extent in agricultural Territories. Now, sir, I pass to the case of Nebraska. By the census of 1860 its population was 28, 841, of which there were white males I take the white population alone, because the negroes are so few that they may be omitted from the calculation 16, 689, and females 12,007; showing that one 4th of the whole male population Territory of the was in excess of the female. On the 2d of June, 1866, the present year, the vote on adopting the constitution amounted in the aggregate to 7, 776, and for Representative to 8,084. In October last the total vote was 9, 136 at a full election, at a time of excitement, and when it is likely that as full a vote was polled as could be polled at any time within its limits. These figures in regard to Nebraska prove that the population of that Territory at the time of the October election, all those who made up the total mass of people from whom voters were taken, could not have exceeded 45,000, and the probability is that the number did not exceed some 36 or 37,000. The Senate is told that there has been a brisk immigration into that Territory during the past summer and fall, during the 6 months within which the provision as to residence of voters applies. They must be at least 6 months in the Territory before they can vote. Sir, if you should make a liberal estimate of an immigration into the Territory of some 2,000 families, say of 5 members each, or a total immigration that would be equivalent to that, you would only get some 10,000 additional inhabitants, and the introduction of that large number of persons into a Territory containing only 35 to 40,000 people would be a matter of general observation and of universal remark; it would be stated and held by all to be a very large increase of population. If, therefore, you should assume that there was within 6 months the large immigration of some 10,000 into that Territory, you would not get the total number above 50,000. Butit seems that some one connected with the Bureau of Statistics has written aletteraddressed to gentlemen of Nebraska who are here, in which he expresses a general opinion that the popu of that Territory is some 8odd 1,000. Now, what has he to go upon? In the 1st place this is not an official paper; it does not pretend to be. There is no authenticity about it so far as the Senate is concerned. It is not a paper addressed to it, nor verified to it, nor one made up under any responsibility whatever. And, sir, in what way can men of the Bureau of Statistics know anything about the population of this Territory? They cannot certainly know it from a census, because there has been none taken. They cannot know it from an enumeration of taxables in the Territory, because there has been no such enumeration. In what manner then can they acquire information about it? I do not know any statistics there can be in the Treasury Dept unless it be the returns of incomes; and to attempt to estimate population upon returns of that kind would be so absurd that I should suppose no man inside or outside the bureau would attempt it. If there be any information in the Treasury dept accessible to this officer of the Bureau of Statistics, or accessible to anyone else, it must consist of responses to letters sent to U.S. officers in the Territory. Letters may have been addressed to the assessors or collectors in the Territory and their opinions obtained. I presume that this extravagant and manifestly untrue estimate must be predicated upon something of that description. I can conceive no other manner in which it could have been obtained. The U.S. assessors in that Territory. if they were called upon, would be very apt to make a liberal"estimate, especially if they participated in the feeling in favor of a new State which is felt by other gentlemen who are here from the Territory, and opinions from them not predicated upon an actual enumeration wo be utterly worthless, would be so unreliable that any man might be thought des titute of good sense who should think of forming an opinion upon them. We, however, have the population of the Territory sufficiently established for all practical purposes in the statistics which I have presented, as we have also in the case of Colorado. I say, then, that it is proposed here to admit Colorado into the Union as a State with a population not exceeding 30,000, and Nebraska as a State with a population not exceeding 50,000, while the ratio or number requisite for a member of Congress in all the old States, the settled portions of the country, is 127,000; and as a representative of 3 million people, who constitute the political community known as Pennsylvania, I am asked to give to, 75 or 80,000 odouble the representation in this branch of Congress that is possessed by those 3 million, and to give them also 3 times the representation to which their numbers would entitle them in the HoRep. Sir, I it; cannot do and no member of this Senate or of this Congress ought to ask. State or its people to assent to so unreasonable a proposition. We agreed when the Constitution of the U.S. was formed that our numbers should go for nothing in this body. That was a feature of the compact among the 13 members which were to compose the Union; but there was to be representation according to population in the other branch of Congress; and that principle that States shall be represented according to numbers in the HoRep is the only compensation which the large States received for the surrender of the principle of numerical representation in the Senate. That representation in the House is invaded by these bills. It is not merely disproportionate representation in the Senate, it is not merely the equality of 30,000 men of the mountains in Colorado in this Senate with 3 millions in the East; it is not the equality of 50,000 upon the plains of Nebraska in this Senate with 3 millions in the East; but it is the representation of these Territories with 80,000 population, in the HoRep as if they had 254,000, or enough for 2 Representatives, according to the ratio under the existing act of Congress. It is, then, not senatorial inequality alone against which we object, it is representative inequality, also. And, sir, what are the reasons which are to reconcile us to this injustice? Is there any complaint in the Territory of Nebraska of bad government? Does the Executive, appointed by the President and confirmed by this Senate, oppress its people? Are the judges sent there by our advice and consent corrupt or incomH.men? Is not property secure? Is not ife secure? Is not justice administered fairly? There are no complaints; there is no reason for complaint. We are told in this debate that the Governor of this Territory is acceptable to to its roo that he is in full accord and sympathy with them; in short, that there is no oundation for complaints by the people of the Territory or any part of them in regard to the existing government which has been instituted by Congress. The Senfrom Ohio who sits nearest me [Mr. SHERMAN] spoke about the expense of a territorial government. He is a member of the ComFinance; he is looking after money matters with great care, and he wants the Territory admitted as a State to save the expense of a territorial government. In that connection let me give some facts in regard to another Territory. GenlSherman , in his recent report of the 5th of November, speaking of the Territory of NewMexico, says: “The whole Territory seems a pastoral land, but snuoptpfoitsefdor cultivation. The mines undeveloped are to mostly be very valuable, but as yet remain in a state of nature. We have held this territory since 1846, 20 years, at a cost to the national Treasury of full 100 millions, and I doubt if it will ever reimburse to the country a of tithe that sum.” By the census of 1860 the population of NewMexico was 93, 516. At present GenlSherman says: “The entire population may be estimated at 100,000, ” and from other information which I have examined I suppose it to be somewhat more than that. Here is a Territory with a population of 100,000, a Territory very expensive to us, and where, if you need relief from the burdens of a territorial government, you should apply an enabling act and organize a State government and get rid of some portion of the burden, at least the burden of the administration of civil affairs.