Mr. ROGE is. I am e posed to centralization of power in the hand; of Congress or in the hands of the President. I believe that this is not a national Government, but that it is a Federal Government. I know that it has not a oneness or singleness of power like the Aus trian and Russian Governments; and any man who will look at the history of the country and the constitution of the land must know that all power not delegated to the General Government is, under our political system reserved to the several States. Power in our Federal system is plural, and is as many as there are States. In our State systems it is also lural, and is as many as there are people. the whole people are the sovereign power of a State. The States are the sovereign power of the Federal Government, and by them only is the Federal Government carrie on. without them an officer of the Government cannot be elected. A majority of the people of a State can elect officers, as, for instance, a Governor, but a majority of the whole peo19may not be able to elect a president. If t rerights of the States are taken away this then becomes a national and not a Federal Government. It may then consolidate power and become an imperial despotism. It may then exercise power equal to that of the Czar of Russia or the Emperor of France. It is easy to prove that this is a Government of the States and not of the people. A majority of the people of the U.S. cannot even elect a POTUS Why? Because our fathers in the formation of the constitution, wanted to throw all the safeguards possible around the States, and to preserve the powers they had not delegated to the Federal IGovernment. The rights not granted to the Federal Government are reserved to the States or the pee ile. In order to elect a POTUS, he must have a majority of the electoral votes of the States. A majority of the people may be in favor of a man for the Presidency, and yet he may be defeated upon the great principle of State sovereignty. It is the foundationstone of the whole fabric of our Government. It all rests upon the inalienable rights of the several States. The party who insist here that the States are not supreme in the exercise of undelegated powers, and assert that all of the powers of the States are subservient to congressional legislation, oughtto call down upon its head the indignation of every lover of 1118country. Look, too, at the election of a President by. thQHoRep. If you look at the constitution, you will find that when the election is referred to the HoRep each State is entitled to only one vote. If there be 36 States, and 19 contain only one quarter of the votin population of the nion, their votes in the HoRep will elect the President, although the 17 States against him contain 3/4ths of the voting population and upon the same principle of State sovereignty is a VEEP o ected when the election is in the Senate. This was made a Governmentof states because the founders of the Government saw that it was necessary to prevent the reetition of the same tyrannical power which ngland exercised toward the colonies. It was to preserve and to perpetuate liberty and the cat doctrine of selfgovernment. It is a federal and not a national Government, because no amendment can be made to the constitution except by the States, and though 4/5thsof the people in mass in the whole Union should vote to amend it, yet it provides no amendment can be made unless 3 quarters of the States, through the exercise of sovereign power and as States, adopt it. There is no o cer whose election depends upon more than one State that can in any way be elected but by the sovereign States. In our intercourse with foreign countries we act in the capacity of a nation for commerce and common defense; but in our domestic character, in our intercourse with each other, we are many nations. The Federal Government is supreme and sovereign in the powers delegated to it by the States; and the States are supreme and sovereign u in their reserved or undelegated pow ers. Tewords majority and minority do not apply to the whole people in mass, but only to the States. To prove that this is a Government of States I nee only refer to the census up to the 5th census. When the Federal Government was organized in 1789, there were 11 States, having 59 Representatives, of which 4 States ha 32, while the other 7 had but 27; and yet this minority of the people could elect a President and control all the powers of the Federal Government. By the 1st census in 1794 States had a population of 1, 710,000. The other 7 had a population of 1, 890,000. The minority had 18 in the Senate over the majority. By the 2nd census in 1800 the whole population was 4, 247,000, of which 4 States had 2, 226,000. The other 12 States had 2, 021,000. The four States had a majority of the whole peole, but had only 8 votes in the Senate an 82 for resident, while the minority had 24 votes in the senate and 91 for the President. At the 3rd census in 1800 there were 17 States, with a population of 5, 765,000, of which 4 States ad2, 948,000. The other 13 had only 2, 717,000. Still the majority had but 8 votes in the Senate and 101 for President, while the minority had 26 votes in the Senate and 114 for President. By the census in 1826 States had a population of 4, 190000. The other 18 had 8, 657,000. While 6 States had a majority of 642,000 of the people, yet they had only 12 votes in the Senate and 126 for President, while the minority had 36 votes in the Senate and 135 for President. By the 5th census 6 States had a population of 5,635,000, while the other ten had but 6, 311,000. The majority sti had but 12 votes in the Senate and 100 and 1866; 199 36 for President, while the minority had 36 Senators and 153 votes for President. Each man had a right to the pursuit of life, liberty, and hop iness, and no construction can be given to the constitution rationally and consistent with justice, that if a State gives up certain of its powers to an agent, it thereby ves the agent sovereign power in matters not ele ted.