Mr. HOWE. Mr. President, I wish to say to my friendfrom Pennsylvania that I sympa thize most heartily with him in his hostility to revolution, but I want to assure him that I do not share at all in his apprehension of revolution. I want to point him to the valid and reliable security we have against revolution growing out of these measures, and it is in the acknowledged constitutional fact that legislation is a very different thing from revolution. We are legislating, and legislation is not revolution, and cannot be. I want to add to that this simple remark, that legislation, under our form of government, can be no possible excuse for revolution, either made or threatened, for all legislation consists in the passing of acts by a deliberative body, and those acts are of 2 general kinds, either valid or invalid, and there can be no excuse for resorting to revolution against an invalid act because it has no force; and there is no justification or excuse for resorting to revolution against a valid act, because that we have a right to enact. Then, again, of valid, acts there are 2 classes: one is good and the other is bad. You certainly ought not to resort to revolution against a good one; and in reference to a bad one I submit to the consideration of my friendfrom Pennsylvania that we have precisely the remedy that we have against the appointment of a bad officer., You had better submit to it until it is repealed than resort to revolution. So, then, we shall not have any revolution growing out of this little enactment of ours, nor out of any other, if it is all the same to my friendfrom Pennsylvania. But in reference to this amendment, I think, if I understand his argument, it is entirely unobjectionable to him. At all events, it does no more than to put this class of offices under, precisely the same regulation that those are where vacancies happen death or resignation during the recess. This is the case of officers where the terms expire during the session of the Senate. The Constitution gives to the President no sort of power to let them lie over and treat them as vacancies happening in the recess; and this is only a provision to the effect that if such a vacancy is not filled, as the Constitution contemplates; by an appointment with the advice and consent of the Senate, the incumbent holds over; that is all.